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The enzymes of catecholamine metabolism in experimental hypertension.
Loučková, Anna ; Kuneš, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Klevstigová, Martina (referee)
Catecholamines dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine are significantly involved in regulation of blood pressure. The most important enzymes participating in their metabolism are tyrosin hydroxylase, DOPA dekarboxylase, dopamine β-hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. This thesis summarizes current knowledge about these enzymes, focusing on their role in the development of essential hypertension. Experimental models are often used in the study of hypertension because of their practical and ethic reasons. Most findings were obtained in spontaneously hypertensive rats, due to their similarity to human essential hypertension. Metabolism of catecholamines in spontaneously hypertensive rat differs in many aspects from that of normotensive controls. The primary cause of this type of hypertension has not yet been distinguished from compensatory responses. However, prevention or slow-down the disease-development process can be achieved by various interventions. This information may help to identify new treatments for human hypertension.
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Neural mechanisms in the pathogenesis of spontaneous hypertension in the rat
Vavřínová, Anna ; Zicha, Josef (advisor) ; Haluzík, Martin (referee) ; Neckář, Jan (referee)
Both sympathoneural and sympathoadrenal systems are involved in the regulation of arterial blood pressure and in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), the mostly used animal model of genetic hypertension, is characterized by multiple molecular, morphological and functional alterations at different levels of sympathoneural and sympathoadrenal systems. The study of young prehypertensive SHR allows to reveal the abnormalities preceding hypertension development, whereas adult SHR with established hypertension offers a better model for the treatment of human essential hypertension. The aim of my PhD Thesis was to describe abnormalities in sympathoneural and sympathoadrenal systems in SHR under different conditions. Firstly, ontogenetic differences which might contribute to hypertension development were determined. Secondly, the effect of chemical sympathectomy induced by guanethidine in adulthood on cardiovascular parameters and on the compensatory mechanisms counteracting the reduction of blood pressure were studied. Thirdly, stress-induced cardiovascular response and stress-induced changes of sympathoneural and sympathoadrenal systems were described in adult SHR. My Thesis brought several important results. The increased adrenal catecholamine content and the...
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Laboratory diagnosis of pheochromocytoma
Chlupáčová, Tereza ; Bílek, Radovan (advisor) ; Švandová, Ivana (referee)
1 Phaeochromocytomas are tumors predominantly rare to chromaffin tissue in adrenal glands' medulla. Tumors in the extra-adrenal chromaffin tissue are called paragangliomas. Phaeochromocytomas cause secretion of high amounts of catecholamines, which can lead to fatal consequences if not medically treated. The aim of this thesis is to summarize the so far known facts about this severe disease in a written review. The first part of the study focuses on issues of phaeochromocytoma research and lists general information about these tumors and their clinical manifestations. The importance of genetic influence in connection with treatment strategies for patients with phaeochromocytoma is also discussed. The second part of the thesis summarizes procedures and methods used in laboratory diagnostics of phaeochromocytomas. The conclusion briefly describes the possibilities of tumor localization using imaging technologies and procedures of subsequent treatment of patients with phaeochromocytoma.
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Effect of endogenous factors on mesenchymal stem cells
Černá, Kristýna ; Krulová, Magdaléna (advisor) ; Kubinová, Šárka (referee)
Maintaining of homeostasis is essential for the survival of the organism. Stress disturbs the homeostasis and prepares the organism for mental or physical stress. During the stress situation, the endogenous stress factors are released. Through these factors stress affects tissue regeneration, the immune system and other metabolic processes. Chronic stress impacts many parts of body and mind and has a negative effect on these processes. Acute stress has the opposite effect. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) participate in regenerative processes and modulate the immune system. Therefore, it can be assumed that stress will affect on MSCs. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of stress factors, norepinephrine and corticosterone on the properties and function of MSCs in acute and chronic stress model. In our study, stress factors did not affect the morphology, vitality and differentiation of MSCs. However, the metabolic activity of MSCs was reduced regardless of the duration of their action. The action of stress factors also affected the production of some immunologically relevant molecules and proteins. Unfortunately, the results did not show a clear effect of stress factors on the lymphocyte modulation by MSCs. Key words: mesenchymal stem cells, catecholamines, adrenergic receptors,...
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Neural mechanisms in the pathogenesis of spontaneous hypertension in the rat
Vavřínová, Anna ; Zicha, Josef (advisor) ; Haluzík, Martin (referee) ; Neckář, Jan (referee)
Both sympathoneural and sympathoadrenal systems are involved in the regulation of arterial blood pressure and in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), the mostly used animal model of genetic hypertension, is characterized by multiple molecular, morphological and functional alterations at different levels of sympathoneural and sympathoadrenal systems. The study of young prehypertensive SHR allows to reveal the abnormalities preceding hypertension development, whereas adult SHR with established hypertension offers a better model for the treatment of human essential hypertension. The aim of my PhD Thesis was to describe abnormalities in sympathoneural and sympathoadrenal systems in SHR under different conditions. Firstly, ontogenetic differences which might contribute to hypertension development were determined. Secondly, the effect of chemical sympathectomy induced by guanethidine in adulthood on cardiovascular parameters and on the compensatory mechanisms counteracting the reduction of blood pressure were studied. Thirdly, stress-induced cardiovascular response and stress-induced changes of sympathoneural and sympathoadrenal systems were described in adult SHR. My Thesis brought several important results. The increased adrenal catecholamine content and the...
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Effect of stress hormones on mesenchymal stem cells
Karásková, Eva ; Krulová, Magdaléna (advisor) ; Hejnová, Lucie (referee)
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells with the capacity to differentiate into cell lineages such as osteoblasts, adipocytes and chondrocytes. They maintain homeostasis in organism and contribute to wound healing and tissue regeneration. Usually, they are isolated from bone marrow or adipose tissue and they are primarily studied in regenerative medicine. Stress reaction is neurohumoral preparation for "fight or flight", that occurs in response to physical or mental stresssors. However, chronic stress has a negative impact on organism; it causes gradual exhaustion and damage in the whole body. Main hypothesis of this study is that stress hormones and neurotransmitters affect MSCs, which subsequently results in disturbed homeostasis and integrity of organism, delayed wound healing and attenuated tissue regeneration. Stress hormones influence quality and function of MSCs, especially their capabilities of differentiation, migration to wounded tissue and production of bioactive molecules. Key words: mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), catecholamines, hormones, dopamine, nervous system, stress
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Electrochemical Enzymatic Biosensors for Determination of Catecholamines in Flow Systems
Josypčuk, Bohdan ; Barek, J. ; Josypčuk, Oksana
Several biosensors (BS) based on flow enzymatic mini-reactors containing a mesoporous silica powder covered by enzyme laccase or tyrosinase were used for determination of L-DOPA, dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline. The silica powder of MCM-41 with covalently bonded laccase was found to be the best reactor filling for the detection of catecholamines. Relative current response of such BS was 100 % for dopamine, 32.1 % for L-DOPA, 26.2 % for noradrenaline, and 0.71 % for adrenaline. The practical applicability of Lac-MCM41 biosensor was successfully verified by the determination of dopamine and noradrenaline in medical solutions for infusions.
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Laboratory diagnosis of pheochromocytoma
Chlupáčová, Tereza ; Bílek, Radovan (advisor) ; Švandová, Ivana (referee)
1 Phaeochromocytomas are tumors predominantly rare to chromaffin tissue in adrenal glands' medulla. Tumors in the extra-adrenal chromaffin tissue are called paragangliomas. Phaeochromocytomas cause secretion of high amounts of catecholamines, which can lead to fatal consequences if not medically treated. The aim of this thesis is to summarize the so far known facts about this severe disease in a written review. The first part of the study focuses on issues of phaeochromocytoma research and lists general information about these tumors and their clinical manifestations. The importance of genetic influence in connection with treatment strategies for patients with phaeochromocytoma is also discussed. The second part of the thesis summarizes procedures and methods used in laboratory diagnostics of phaeochromocytomas. The conclusion briefly describes the possibilities of tumor localization using imaging technologies and procedures of subsequent treatment of patients with phaeochromocytoma.
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The enzymes of catecholamine metabolism in experimental hypertension.
Loučková, Anna ; Kuneš, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Klevstigová, Martina (referee)
Catecholamines dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine are significantly involved in regulation of blood pressure. The most important enzymes participating in their metabolism are tyrosin hydroxylase, DOPA dekarboxylase, dopamine β-hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. This thesis summarizes current knowledge about these enzymes, focusing on their role in the development of essential hypertension. Experimental models are often used in the study of hypertension because of their practical and ethic reasons. Most findings were obtained in spontaneously hypertensive rats, due to their similarity to human essential hypertension. Metabolism of catecholamines in spontaneously hypertensive rat differs in many aspects from that of normotensive controls. The primary cause of this type of hypertension has not yet been distinguished from compensatory responses. However, prevention or slow-down the disease-development process can be achieved by various interventions. This information may help to identify new treatments for human hypertension.
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